Key knowledge
• angle properties of triangles, Pythagoras' theorem, the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine and tangent, methods for solving non-right-angled triangles (including the ambiguous case of the sine rule) and their application
• the rules for calculating the surface area and volume of spheres, cylinders, cones, pyramids and prisms, and their composites
• three figure bearings and their application
• the rule \( \displaystyle s=r \times \frac{\pi}{180} \times \theta^{\circ} \) for determining the length of an arc of a circle
• a sphere of radius 6400 km as a model of the earth, great circles (meridians) and small circles (parallels), latitude and longitude (specified in decimal degrees).

Key skills
• solve practical problems involving the calculation of the side lengths, angles and areas of triangles, including the construction of diagrams based on word descriptions
• solve practical problems involving the calculation of the surface area and volume of spheres, cylinders, prisms and their composites
• solve practical problems involving the use of a linear scale factor to scale lengths, areas and volumes of similar figures and shapes
• use a sphere of radius 6400 km as a model of the earth to solve practical problems involving meridians and parallels and latitude and longitude (specified in decimal degrees)
• use the concept of a great circle to find the shortest distance between two points on the earth’s surface with the same longitude
• solve time zone problems.